Schulz cites a number of works where the weather plays a symbolic role. For example, she mentions the snow in James Joyce’s The Dead, the cyclone in Marilynne Robinson’s Lila, the mud in Dickens’ Bleak House and the storm in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights and six other novels.
It seems to me that none of these weather events played a critical role in the novel’s outcome. However, it certainly did in Albert Camus’s The Stranger.
“It is a hot day when Mersault, Camus’s disaffected emotionally detached French-Algerian protagonist, learns that his mother has died; a hot day when she is buried; a hot day when he shoots a man five times and kills him; a hot day when the murder trial begins that will culminate in a death sentence. To the judges’ question about his motives, Mersault tried to explain it was because of the sun”
The subject of Schulz’s discussion is the weather as it is treated in fiction. But beyond these imaginary creations, there is the unmistakable force of the weather in our daily life.
To be sure some people are more affected by the weather than others. I am one who is. Of course, major weather disasters--hurricanes, torrential floods, typhoons, blizzards, ocean tsunamis, major wind and rain storms—influence thousands of individuals, destroy their homes, flood their cities, knock out their power, and often cause the death of many individuals.
The weather has no memory. How I wish it did. On a cold day in January, it is impossible to warm up by recalling those warm days in August. The weather is not like a painful experience that makes you shudder every time you remember it. Or a treasured one that you can recapture vicariously whenever you want.
But that isn’t the way the weather works. Amadeau Prado, the physician-author in Night Train to Lisbon expresses a widely held view of this issue:
It is extraordinary, but the answer changes in me with the light that falls on the city and the Tagus. If it is the enchanting light of a shimmering August day that produces clear, sharp-edged shadows, the thought of a hidden human depth seems bizarre and like a curious, even slightly touching fantasy, like a mirage, that arises when I look too long at the waves flashing in that light.
On the other hand, if city and river are clouded over on a dreary January day by a dome of shadowless light and boring gray, I know no greater certainty than this: that all human action is only an extremely imperfect, ridiculously helpless expression of a hidden internal life of unimagined depths that presses to the surface without ever being able to reach it even remotely.
However, the research offers little support for this view. For example, in a study of the effects of weather on 2,000 Germans, Jaap Denissen of Humbolt University in Berlin found that individuals fell into one of four groups: those who are unaffected by the weather or seasons, people who love summer, others who hate summer, and people who love rain.
In 2008 Denissen and his colleagues conducted what is perhaps the most systematic analysis I have read on how individuals are affected by the weather. They examined the effects of six weather-related factors (temperature, wind, sunlight, precipitation, air pressure and photoperiod--daily length of light) on three measures of mood--positive affect, negative affect and fatigue. They concluded:
…the average effect of weather on mood was only small, though significant random variation was found across individuals, especially regarding the effects of photoperiod.
I think this confirms how most people view the weather. Some individuals are unaffected by it, others are affected periodically, and an unknown number are highly sensitive to it. Neither Denissen nor anyone else to my knowledge has offered a credible explanation for these differences. But it is important that they be recognized in evaluating media or even literary accounts of effects of weather-related variables on personality and behavior.
6 comments:
Interesting. I tend to get a sinus headache when the air pressure drops. Hot humid summers are miserable because high humidity is inescapable and so darn uncomfortable. I can't say weather affects my mood though after a week of nothing but gray clouds I do feel a bit worn out. Because of his MS my husband experiences bouts of fatigue especially in the heat of summer but also in extreme cold (10F and below). I expect it is difficult to come up with an objective way to measure how weather affects people. I mean in some ways it is easy when a chronic condition is involved, but other than that is is such a subjective thing in many ways and most of the time there is nothing to be done about it so we stoically soldier on.
It must take a fair amount of courage to remain in a part of the country where you and Bookman have so many weather-related problems. Obviously the weather affects you, but not enough to bring you back to California. I am miserable when its cold and moody when the skies are grey, cloudy, and wet. So be it, I remain in the far north of this land because my wife wants to. What is one to do? Perhaps she'll come around one day. Back to sunny California in spite of everything that has happened since I left.. Yes, we soldier on.
Interesting post. Never thought about weather in literature, but it often does play a significant role, especially in setting a mood.
I love cool weather, snow, and a soft rain. But too many days without the sun bring down my energy level. Strong winds really get on my nerves.
Speaking of wind - wind is weather isn't it? - I am reminded of Ken Burns' documentary about the Dust Bowl in the 1930's when the winds would stir up huge dust storms. I suppose that is a combination of weather and a man-made environmental disaster. A survivor said that "the only place clean when you woke up after a dust storm in the night was the place underneath your head on the pillow." Burns noted that "Mothers would go crazy, commit suicide trying to keep their house clean or their children protected."
It's a good thing that weather's effect on mood is not statistically significant. I guess we have adapted to take it in stride in order to stay sane.
I'm glad the weather doesn't affect you that much, especially where you have far more weather than I do in Portland. Yet, day after day of cloudy days does get your down. Yes, I know about the wind--when it's cold, the wind makes it colder, when it's hot the wind can cool you a bit (see trade winds in Hawaii). Hemingway once said, “Remember to get the weather in your damn book--weather is very important.” I agree, it does set the mood in a book and it sets my mood each day. Although, Denissen's results may not have been significant, it is only one study, a comprehensive one too. But other studies far less elegant to find the weather does influence mood. For example, one I recall demonstrated that sunny weather can increase the tips a restaurant server receives, compared to those received when it's not sunny. Or something like that.
Wind is what really gets me, makes me feel as badly as listening to, or having to view Donal Trump---it's just so depressing!
Yes, the wind is terrible, even worse than that unmentionable madman you mention. How is it possible for him to appeal to so many people? What has come over them?
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